Regulation News Archive - MPR China Certification GmbH

TC11: Updates to CCC Product Certification Standards for Vehicles and Components in China

The National Certification and Accreditation Administration Technical Committee 11 (TC11) has released an announcement with updates to CCC product certification standards for vehicles and their components in China.

In line with efforts to enhance the quality and safety of automotive products, China has announced updates and additions to mandatory product certification standards for vehicles and their components. These changes focus on streamlining certification requirements and adapting to newly issued standards. Specifically, the updated standards reflect adjustments to align with the latest versions of regulations concerning vehicle safety, emissions, and component performance. The affected automotive products include among others road illumination-, light-signaling- and retro-reflective devices, safety-belts and restraint systems, child restraint systems, Passenger car tyres, traction batteries of electric vehicles, automotive engines and drive motors, and drive motor systems for electric vehicles. Vehicles and their components generally require CCC Certification in order to be approved for import and sales on the Chinese market.

The implementation dates for the mentioned product categories apply to both new and existing vehicles. Manufacturers must ensure that their products meet the regulatory requirements and comply with safety and quality standards in China. The updates aim to simplify certification procedures and address inconsistencies in product evaluations while maintaining safety and quality benchmarks.

For more information on how CCC certification, the CCC Self-Declaration and voluntary CCAP or CQC certification may affect your company, or for more information about CCC certification in general, please visit our News Section where you will find current updates twice a week.

Please do not hesitate to contact us for further details and consultation. You can contact us via email, Chat, or call us (UK: +44 2071931135, Europe: +49 69 2713769150, US: +1 773 654-2673).

You can also check our free CCC-Brochure, which can be downloaded as a PDF file. The brochure also contains information on the CCC Self-Declaration and the voluntary CQC- and CCAP-Certification).

Here you can find a partial overview of some of the products which are affected by the revisions, including implementation dates.

Please note: The following text is an internal translation. We do not assume any liability for discrepancies or inaccuracies.

Standard No.	Name	Replaced by	Implemented on	Requirements for the Transition Period of the New Standard Implementation	Situations Requiring Supplementary Testing	Requirements for Certification Implementation
GB 4599-2024	Road illumination devices and systems for motor vehicles	GB 4599-2007 Motor vehicle headlamps equipped with filament lamps GB 21259-2007 Headlamps equipped with gas - discharge light sources for motor vehicle GB 25991-2010 Automotive headlamps with LED light sources and/or LED modules GB/T 30036-2013 Adaptive Front-lighting System for Motor Vehicles GB/T 30511-2014 Photometric characteristics of cornering lamps for motor vehicle GB 4660-2016 Motor vehicle front fog lamps equipped with filament lamps	01.07.2025	From the date of implementation of this document, newly commissioned type test of front fog lamps and cornering lamps must comply with this document. For newly commissioned type-approved low beam and high beam lamps, implementation will begin 19 months after the effective date of this document. For vehicle road lighting devices and systems that have already passed type inspections, implementation will begin 37 months after the effective date of this document. For newly commissioned type approvals and models already type-approved, implementation will begin 37 months after the effective date of this document.	Filament bulb headlamps, gas discharge headlamps, LED headlamps, Class B fog lamps, AFS (Adaptive Front-lighting System) headlamps, and cornering lamps must be re-tested according to the new version of the standard. Other lamps will be directly upgraded to the new version.	For newly commissioned front fog lamps and cornering lamps, implementation will begin on July 1, 2025. For newly commissioned low beam and high beam lamps, implementation will begin on January 1, 2027. For certified vehicle road lighting devices and systems, implementation will begin on July 1, 2028. For newly commissioned type-approved vehicle models, implementation will begin on July 1, 2028.
GB 5920-2024	Light-signalling devices and systems for motor vehicles and their trailers	GB 5920-2019 Photometric characteristics of front and rear position lamps, end-outline marker lamps and stop lamps for motor vehicles and their trailers GB 15235-2007 Photometric characteristics of reversing lamps for power-driven vehicles GB 11554-2008 Photometric characteristics of rear fog lamp for power-driven vehicles and their trailers GB 17509-2008 Photometric characteristics of direction indicators for motor vehicles and their trailers GB 18408-2015 Photometric characteristics of devices for the illumination of rear registration plates of motor vehicles and their trailers GB 18409-2013 Photometric characteristics of parking lamps for power-driven vehicles GB 18099-2013 Photometric characteristics of side-marker lamps for motor vehicles and their trailers GB 23255-2019 Photometric characteristics of daytime running lamps for power driven vehicles	01.07.2025	From the date of implementation of this document, newly commissioned type-approved vehicles and trailers using front position lamps, rear position lamps, turn signal lamps, end-outline marker lamps, parking lamps, daytime running lamps, rear license plate illumination devices, rear fog lamps, slow moving lamps, side marker lamps, optical signal emitting units, and vehicle light signal systems shall comply with this document. For newly commissioned type-approved reversing lights and braking lights, implementation will begin 19 months after the effective date of this document. For vehicles and tailers light signal systems that have already passed type approvals, implementation will begin 37 months after the effective date of this document. For newly commissioned type-approved vehicle models, implementation will also begin 37 months after the effective date of this document. For vehicle models that have already got the type approval, implementation will start 37 months after the effective date of this document.	Position lamps with emblem lamps, compensating for the luminous area of extinguished emblem lamps (emblem lamps can be independently controlled); S1, S2 type brake lamps require supplementary measurement of visual area, S4 type brake lamps require supplementary measurement of the minimum value; MI-type vehicle reversing lamps require supplementary measurement of light distribution on the road surface; reversing lamps using LED light sources must meet the updated version of the standard. For Class 5 sequential turn signal lamps, tests must be conducted according to the updated standard. For turn signal lamps operating sequentially, the test requirements for the sequence signal display method must be followed; 2b-type turn signal lamps require supplementary measurement of the minimum value. New energy vehicle license plate lamps need to be tested according to the updated version of the standard. Other lamps will be directly updated to the new version.	For the front position lamps, rear position lamps, turn signal lamps, end-outline marker lamps, parking lamps, daytime running lamps, rear license plate illumination lamps, rear fog lamps, slow moving lamps, side marker lamps, optical signal emitting units, and vehicle light signal systems used in automobiles and trailers, their newly commissioned products will be implemented starting July 1, 2025. For reversing lamps and brake lamps, newly commissioned products will be implemented starting January 1, 2027. For vehicle and trailer light signal systems that have already been certified, implementation will begin July 1, 2028. For newly commissioned and certified vehicle types, implementation will also begin July 1, 2028.
GB 11564-2024	Retro-reflective devices and markings for motor vehicles	GB 11564-2008 Retro-reflector device for motor vehicles GB 19151-2003 Warning triangles for motor vehicle GB 23254-2009 Retro-reflective markings for trucks and trailers GB 25990-2010 Rear-marking plates for vehicles and their trailers	01.07.2025	For newly commissioned type-approved retro-reflective devices, implementation will begin from the date of this document's enforcement. For retro-reflective devices that have already passed type approval, implementation will begin 37 months after the effective date of this document. For newly commissioned type-approved vehicle models, implementation will begin 13 months after the effective date of this document. For vehicle models that have already obtained type approval, implementation will begin 37 months after the effective date of this document.	Retesting shall be conducted according to the new version of the standard.	For newly commissioned retro-reflective device products, implementation will begin on July 1, 2025. For certified retro-reflective device products, implementation will begin on July 1, 2028. For newly commissioned vehicle models, implementation will begin on July 1, 2026. For certified vehicle models, implementation will begin on July 1, 2028.
GB 14166-2024	Safety-belts and restraint systems for occupants of power-driven vehicles	GB 14166-2013 Safety-belts,restraint systems,child restraint systems and ISOFIX child restraint systems for occupants of power-driven vehicles	01.07.2025	For newly commissioned type-approved M1 and N1 vehicle models, the requirements of 6.1.8, 6.4.1.2, and 6.4.1.3 will be implemented 25 months after the effective date of this document, while other requirements will take effect from the date of this document's implementation. For newly commissioned type-approved M2, M3, N2, and N3 vehicle models, the requirements of 6.1.8 and 6.4.1.2 will be implemented 25 months after the effective date of this document, while other requirements will take effect from the date of this document's implementation. For the already type-approved vehicle models of categories M and N, with the exception of the requirements of 6.1.8, 6.4.1.2 and 6.4.1.3, the implementation date shall be 13 months after the date of entry into force of this document.	Safety belt components will be directly updated to the new version; the entire vehicle installation shall be re-tested according to the new version of the standard.	For newly commissioned M1 and N1 vehicle models, the requirements of 6.1.8, 6.4.1.2, and 6.4.1.3 will be implemented starting July 1, 2027, while other requirements will take effect on July 1, 2025. For newly commissioned M2, M3, N2, and N3 vehicle models, the requirements of 6.1.8 and 6.4.1.2 will be implemented starting July 1, 2027, while other requirements will take effect on July 1, 2025. For certified M and N vehicle models, except for the requirements of 6.1.8, 6.4.1.2, and 6.4.1.3, implementation will begin on July 1, 2026.
GB 14167-2024	Safety-belt anchorages and restraint systems anchorages for occupants of power-driven vehicles	GB 14167-2013 Safety-belt anchorages,ISOFIX anchorages systems and ISOFIX top tether anchorages for vehicles	01.07.2025	For newly commissioned type-approved M1 vehicle models, the installation requirements for the i-Size seating positions in 4.2.2 will be implemented 25 months after the effective date of this document, while other requirements will take effect from the effective date of this document. For newly commissioned type-approved M2, M3, and N vehicle models, implementation will begin from the effective date of this document. For certified M and N vehicle models, other requirements except for the i-Size seating position installation requirements in 4.2.2 will be implemented 13 months after the effective date of this document.	Seatbelt anchor points: Vehicles with side-facing seats require supplementary testing of side-facing seatbelt anchor points; i-Size related items need to be re-tested according to the new version of the standard.	For newly commissioned M1 vehicle models, the installation requirements for the i-Size seating positions in 4.2.2 will be implemented starting July 1, 2027, while other requirements will take effect on July 1, 2025. For newly commissioned M2, M3, and N vehicle models, implementation will begin on July 1, 2025. For already certified M and N vehicle models, except for the i-Size seating position installation requirements in 4.2.2, implementation will begin on July 1, 2026.
GB 27887-2024	Child restraint systems for power-driven vehicles	GB 27887-2011 Restraining devices for child occupants of power-driven vehicles	01.07.2025	For newly commissioned type-approved products (excluding built-in types), implementation will begin from the effective date of this document. For type-approved products (excluding built-in types) that have already been certified, implementation will begin 13 months after the effective date of this document. For newly commissioned type-approved vehicle models with built-in child restraint systems, implementation will begin from the effective date of this document. For type-approved vehicle models with built-in child restraint systems that have already been certified, implementation will begin 25 months after the effective date of this document.	Retesting shall be conducted according to the new version of the standard.	For newly commissioned vehicle models (excluding built-in types), implementation will begin on July 1, 2025. For certified vehicle models (excluding built-in types), implementation will begin on July 1, 2026. For newly commissioned vehicle models with built-in child restraint systems, implementation will begin on July 1, 2025. For certified vehicle models with built-in child restraint systems, implementation will begin on July 1, 2027.
GB 9743-2024	Passenger car tyres	GB 9743-2015 Passenger car tyres	01.05.2025	Except for 4.6 and 4.7 in this document, all other clauses need to be applied for newly produced tires from the effective date of this document. Implementation of 4.6 and 4.7 on the new produced tires will begin 12 months after the effective date of this document.	Implemented in accordance with resolution No. TC14-2024-01.	For newly commissioned and certified vehicle models, requirements except for 4.6 and 4.7 will be implemented starting May 1, 2025; clauses 4.6 and 4.7 will be implemented starting May 1, 2026.
GB/T 31486-2024	Electrical performance requirements and test methods for traction battery of electric vehicle	GB/T 31486-2015 Technical requirements and test methods for traction battery of electric vehicle Electrical performance	01.04.2025	-	Retesting shall be conducted according to the new version of the standard.	For newly commissioned vehicle models, implementation will begin on April 1, 2025. For already certified vehicle models, implementation will begin on April 1, 2026.
GB/T 17692-2024	Measurement methods of net power for automotive engines and drive motor	GB/T 17692-1999 Measurement methods of net power for automotive engines	01.01.2025	-	For automobile engines, single-fuel engines, and diesel-natural gas dual fuel engine without diesel mode, by which their declared maximum net power is single speed, can be updated directly according to the new standard. For the above-mentioned supercharged engines with compensation systems, the new version of the standard has revised the correction formula for power. In this case, it is necessary to verify whether the new standard's calculated power results affect the original values, and vertify it meets the standard limits without the need for differential tests. If the differential test is not required, then only needs to revise the test report. If they do not meet the standard limits, re-testing must be performed. For others than above-mentioned engines, where the methods or defined criteria have changed significantly, corresponding tests must be conducted in accordance with the new standard. For electric drive systems, their net power is equivalent to the peak power of the drive electric system in GB/T 18488.	For newly commissioned vehicle models, implementation will begin on January 1, 2025. For already certified vehicle models, implementation will begin on January 1, 2026.
GB/T 18488-2024	Drive motor system for electric vehicles	GB/T 18488.1-2015 Drive motor system for electric vehicles Part 1: Specification GB/T 18488.2-2015 Drive motor system for electric vehicles-- Part 2: Test methods	28.05.2024	-	Retesting shall be conducted according to the new version of the standard.	For newly commissioned vehicle models, implementation will begin from the date of the technical resolution release. For already certified vehicle models, implementation will begin 13 months after the date of the technical resolution release.

New Implementation Rules for Certification of Electric Vehicle Chargers/ Supply Equipment

On December 16, 2024, the National Certification and Accreditation Administration (CNCA) officially released the implementation rules for the mandatory certification of electric vehicle supply equipment (EVSE) under Announcement No. 25 of 2024. This move follows the State Administration for Market Regulation’s Announcement No. 50 of 2024, which mandates that EVSE products like chargers for electric vehicles comply with compulsory CCC certification requirements.

The newly published regulation, titled “Implementation Rules for Compulsory Product Certification of Electric Vehicle Supply Equipment” (CNCA-C25-01:2024), will come into effect on March 1, 2025. It provides a detailed framework to ensure that EVSE products meet national safety, quality, and performance standards through rigorous processes such as type testing, factory inspections, and ongoing post-certification supervision.

By introducing this rule, the CNCA aims to enhance the safety and reliability of EVSE, support the rapid growth of China’s electric vehicle infrastructure, and ensure compliance with evolving market and regulatory demands. Products conforming to these standards will be required to display the CCC (China Compulsory Certification) mark as proof of compliance.

You can also check our free CCC-Brochure, which can be downloaded as a PDF file. The brochure also contains information on the CCC Self-Declaration and the voluntary CQC- and CCAP-Certification).

Updated Electromobility Standards in China

Starting January 1, 2025, and throughout the year, China will implement updated versions of key GB standards for electromobility products. These standards cover energy and power metering for electric vehicle charging infrastructure, safety requirements for nickel-metal hydride batteries, and technical specifications for repair, maintenance, and autonomous driving functions. The goal of these updates is to harmonize requirements, improve the accuracy of measurement methods, and ensure consistency in technical specifications. Products of the electromobility category, such as hydrogen batteries, usually require CCC certification to be approved for import and sale in China.

The revised standards include: GB/T 28569-2024 for electric vehicle AC charging pile energy metering, GB/T 29318-2024 for electric vehicle off-board charger power metering, GB/T 44510-2024 for technical requirements for repair and maintenance of new energy vehicles, GB/T 44649-2024 for safety requirements for nickel-metal hydride batteries and modules for electric road vehicles, and GB/T 44719-2024 for road test methods and requirements for autonomous driving functions of intelligent connected vehicles. Additional standards such as GB/T 44723-2024 outline general technical requirements for hydrogen fuel internal combustion engines, and GB/T 44532-2024 specifies safety requirements for internal combustion engine hybrid powertrains.

You can also check our free CCC-Brochure, which can be downloaded as a PDF file. The brochure also contains information on the CCC Self-Declaration and the voluntary CQC- and CCAP-Certification).

Revised Standards for CCC Certification of Welding Machines in China

The newly revised welding machine standard, GB/T 15579.1-2024, now includes expanded provisions for certification under the China Compulsory Certification (CCC) system. Notable updates to the scope incorporate battery-powered arc welding machines, with specific requirements detailed in Appendix O. Terminological adjustments reflect advanced technologies, such as battery systems and energy efficiency, while environmental and insulation parameters now support operation at altitudes of up to 2000 meters. Adjustments to clearance and creepage distances ensure compliance with updated insulation configurations. Welding machines typically require CCC certification to be approved for import and sale in China.

The revised standard emphasizes stricter testing protocols and safety measures. It includes specific temperature ranges for heat tests, tighter tolerances for measurement devices, and revised criteria for continuity and load assessments. New safety provisions address insulation resistance, dielectric strength, and fault current measurements, allowing for linear interpolation to determine creepage distances and insulation voltage based on effective long-term values. Additional guidelines enhance the testing of contact currents and the safety of plasma cutting systems. Appendices M and N provide detailed procedures for efficiency and leakage current measurements, while Appendices K and O introduce configurations and safety protocols for battery-powered models. These revisions align Chinese standards with international norms, such as IEC, to ensure reliability and operational safety.

You can also check our free CCC-Brochure, which can be downloaded as a PDF file. The brochure also contains information on the CCC Self-Declaration and the voluntary CQC- and CCAP-Certification).

Revised GB Standards for Tires and Rims to take Effect in April 2025

On April 1, 2025, the revised versions of four key GB standards for tires and rims will come into effect, replacing their previous iterations. The updated standards include specifications for truck and passenger car tires, as well as the dimensions and series for wheel rims. These updates aim to harmonize specifications, improve clarity, and ensure consistency in key measurements for tire and rim products. Automotive tires generally require CCC certification in order to be imported and sold in China.

The new standards are as follows:

GB/T 2977-2024: Truck tire specifications, dimensions, pressure, and load
GB/T 2978-2024: Passenger car tire specifications, dimensions, pressure, and load
GB/T 3487-2024: Passenger car wheel rim specification series
GB/T 31961-2024: Truck and passenger car rim specification series

These standards will replace their earlier versions:

GB/T 2977-2016
GB/T 2978-2014
GB/T 3487-2015
GB/T 31961-2015

You can also check our free CCC-Brochure, which can be downloaded as a PDF file. The brochure also contains information on the CCC Self-Declaration and the voluntary CQC- and CCAP-Certification).

New CCC Standards introduced for E-Bike Batteries and Chargers

China has introduced new mandatory product certification (CCC certification) requirements for lithium-ion batteries (1121) and chargers (1122) used in electric bicycles. Based on the 2024 No. 26 Announcement by the State Administration for Market Regulation, the China Quality Certification Center (CQC) and the China Certification Centre for Automotive Products (CCAP) have issued updated implementation rules, effective October 15, 2024. The revised regulations include the Implementation Rules for Mandatory Product Certification of Lithium-Ion Batteries (CQC-C1121-2024) and the Implementation Rules for Chargers (CQC-C1122-2024). Lithium-ion batteries generally require CCC certification to be approved for import and sale in China.

From October 15, 2024, manufacturers can apply for certification via the CQC or CCAP platforms. Furthermore, from November 1, 2025, all products in this category must be certified and marked with the CCC logo to be legally manufactured, sold, imported, or used in commercial activities. Additional updates in the 2024 version of the rules include modified testing standards, added sodium-ion battery categories, stricter post-certification supervision, and requirements for traceability and data management systems for critical components like batteries and chargers.

You can also check our free CCC-Brochure, which can be downloaded as a PDF file. The brochure also contains information on the CCC Self-Declaration and the voluntary CQC- and CCAP-Certification).

New GB Standards issued for Low-Voltage Switchgear and Controlgear in China

In an update to product certification standards, the low-voltage switchgear and controlgear industry in China will now adhere to the newly established GB/T14048.09-2024 and GB/T 14048.11-2024 standards. These replace the earlier GB/T14048.09-2008 and GB/T 14048.11-2016 standards respectively, per the recent resolution aimed at enhancing the quality and safety of multifunctional and transfer switching devices. Low-voltage switchgear requires CCC certification in order to be approved for import and sale in China.

The new standards introduce stricter requirements and advanced specifications to ensure heightened performance, reliability, and safety for low-voltage switchgear equipment. Manufacturers and suppliers will be required to ensure their products meet these updated standards to maintain compliance and certification.

You can also check our free CCC-Brochure, which can be downloaded as a PDF file. The brochure also contains information on the CCC Self-Declaration and the voluntary CQC- and CCAP-Certification).

Standardization of Rolling Resistance Measurement for Tires

On July 11 and 12, 2024, Technical Guideline No. TC14-2024-02 was adopted in Hefei and published on September 9, 2024, which establishes instructions for the standardization of rolling resistance measurement data for tires. The main purpose of the directive is to ensure the consistency of the rolling resistance values required for CCC (China Compulsory Certification) certification. Tires require CCC certification to be approved for import and sale in China. Also addressed were the inclusion of rolling resistance and wet grip of tires in the CCC certification requirements and explanation of the certification process, the reports to be prepared and the monitoring requirements for manufacturers to ensure that tires comply with the new regulations. The process for updating existing certificates was also described.

Revision of the implementation rules for tires follows the release of Standards GB9743-2024 und GB9744-2024 (passenger tyres and truck tyres). Main focus was put on inclusion of rolling resistance and wet grip, as well as the clarification of tire definitions and size standards and the consistency of rolling resistance test data.

The decision introduces a transmission scheme to approximate the baseline values for rolling resistance and defines four selected laboratories as reference laboratories. Other laboratories and in-house testing facilities can have their results calibrated in cooperation with these reference laboratories and, if the test is successful, receive a certificate of recognition of the measurements for CCC certification. In addition, the decision specifies detailed requirements for calibration tires, measurement procedures and the regular inspection and validation of the measuring instruments. These measures are intended to ensure uniform comparability of the measurements.

You can also check our free CCC-Brochure, which can be downloaded as a PDF file. The brochure also contains information on the CCC Self-Declaration and the voluntary CQC- and CCAP-Certification).

New GB Standards for Anti-Theft Devices for Cars, Motorcycles and Mopeds

On September 29, 2024, the State Administration for Market Regulation (SAMR) approved a total of 20 new or revised national GB standards in its Announcement No. 23. These include changes in the categories of anti-theft devices for motor vehicles, motorcycles and mopeds. The relevant standards are GB 15740-2024 Anti-theft devices for motor vehicles and GB 17353-2024 Anti-theft devices for motorcycles and mopeds. These new standards replace previous regulations and generally require CCC certification in order for the relevant products to be imported and sold in China.

The implementation date for these standards is January 1, 2026.

You can also check our free CCC-Brochure, which can be downloaded as a PDF file. The brochure also contains information on the CCC Self-Declaration and the voluntary CQC- and CCAP-Certification).

New Standards for Seat Belts, Restraint Systems and Automotive Child Seats

On September 29, 2024, the State Administration for Market Regulation (SAMR) approved 20 new or revised national GB standards in their announcement No. 23 of 2024, introducing changes to categories like seat belts, restraint systems and child seats. Key updates include GB 14166-2024 for seat belts and restraint systems for motor vehicle occupants, GB 14167-2024 for anchorage points for seat belts and restraint systems for motor vehicle occupants, and GB 27887-2024 for restraint systems for child occupants of motor vehicles. These standards replace earlier regulations governing these product categories. Seat belts and restraint systems usually require CCC certification in order to be approved for import and sale in China.

The implementation date for these new standards is July 1, 2025.

Here you can find an overview of which standards have been incorperated or replaced by the new standards:

Standard No.	Standard Name	Replaces Standard Number	Implementation Date
GB 14166-2024	Safety belts and restraint systems for motor vehicle occupants	GB14166-2013	2025-07-01
GB 14167-2024	Anchorage points for seat belts and restraint systems for motor vehicle occupants	GB 14167-2013	2025-07-01
GB 27887-2024	Restraint systems for child occupants of motor vehicles	GB 11564-2008	2025-07-01

You can also check our free CCC-Brochure, which can be downloaded as a PDF file. The brochure also contains information on the CCC Self-Declaration and the voluntary CQC- and CCAP-Certification).

TC11: Updates to CCC Product Certification Standards for Vehicles and Components in China

New Implementation Rules for Certification of Electric Vehicle Chargers/ Supply Equipment

Updated Electromobility Standards in China

Revised Standards for CCC Certification of Welding Machines in China

Revised GB Standards for Tires and Rims to take Effect in April 2025

New CCC Standards introduced for E-Bike Batteries and Chargers

New GB Standards issued for Low-Voltage Switchgear and Controlgear in China

Standardization of Rolling Resistance Measurement for Tires

New GB Standards for Anti-Theft Devices for Cars, Motorcycles and Mopeds

New Standards for Seat Belts, Restraint Systems and Automotive Child Seats

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